Vetoing the future: political constraints and renewable energy

Despite the increased importance of and attention to renewable energy, its share in the overall energy mix has varied significantly across countries and over time. There are many determinants of clean energy transitions; this study focuses on political constraints. Here it is argued that political systems that have fewer political constraints have fewer access points through which powerful status quo veto players can slow the progress of clean energy reforms. To test the theory, a hierarchical model is applied on a dataset of 125 countries over four decades. The results provide significant support for the theory. Furthermore, the effects for political constraints hold even when we distinguish between hydro and non-hydro renewable sources and control for regime type. This study builds on research that recognizes the importance of politics in understanding the challenges and opportunities of clean energy reform.     

Presence of scapular dysfunction in dominant shoulder of professional guitar players

Background. Playing guitar can cause adoption of asymmetric postures and affect the shoulder's stability. Objective. To assess the presence of scapular dysfunction in professional guitar players. Method. A lateral scapular slide test was performed at the level of the spine of the scapula and at the inferior angle of the scapula in 20 professional guitar players (age: 18–40 years) and was compared with 20 age-matched non-players at angles of 0°, 45° and 90° of shoulder abduction with both limbs loaded with 0.5-kg weights. Analysis was done by unpaired t test. Results. Scapular dysfunction in guitar players was seen in the form of asymmetric scapula at rest in 25% and dyskinetic scapula in 20% of players. 100% of non-players had normal scapular positioning. Comparison at the level of the spine of the scapula showed no significant difference (p?>?0.05), but the inferior angle showed a significant difference at 0° (1.37?cm), 45° (1.93?cm) and 90° (2.15?cm) which was more in the player's category (p?Conclusion. There exists a marked dysfunction of scapular stabilizers in professional guitar players at the level of the inferior angle of the scapula.     

Assessment of cervical range of motion,cervical core strength and scapular dyskinesia in violin players

Background. Playing the violin can lead to asymmetric postures which can affect the cervical range of motion, cervical core strength and scapular stability. Objective. The objective of the study was to assess the cervical range of motion, cervical core strength and scapular dyskinesia in violin players and non-players of the same age group. Methods. An inclinometer was used to assess the cervical range of motion, pressure biofeedback was used to assess cervical core strength and scapular dyskinesia was also assessed in 30 professional violin players (18–40 years) compared with 30 age-matched non-players. Analysis was done using an unpaired t test. Results. Significant change was seen with respect to extension (p?=?0.051), cervical core strength (p?=?0.005), right (Rt) superior angle 0° (p?=?0.004), Rt superior angle 45° (p?=?0.015) and Rt inferior angle 90° (p?=?0.013). Conclusion. This study shows a significant difference in extension range of motion and cervical core strength of violin players. Also, there was scapular dyskinesia seen at 0° and 45° right-side superior angle of the scapula and 90° right-side inferior angle of the scapula.     

多目标、多水源和多用户水资源系统管理的专家系统决策模型

几乎所有的水资源系统都是以多目标、多水源和多用户等为特征，因此其开发与管理过程中的各种决策也都必须坚持这些原则。本文利用现代专家系统技术建立了一种水资源系统管理的专家系统决策模型。该水资源系统包含一个地面水库供水系统、两个城镇市政供水系统、３个农区灌溉系统以及一个沼泽生态系统。它最早源于英国７０年代初所提出的灌溉系统对策仿真的设想，后经国外其他学者的不断完善，最后形成一种接近于现实的简单而综合的水资源系统管理原型，并以对策仿真的形式建立了其ＬＯＴＵＳ模拟模型。该对策仿真模拟模型中的对策者是地面水源管理者（ＷＡＭ）、市政供水管理者（ＰＷＳＭ）以及三组不同农户（ＦＡＲＭＥＲＳ）。为了使该系统更趋完善且更符合我国国情，本文又另外引入了一个称之为系统总管的对策者（ＭＡＮＡＧＥＲ）。他主要负责该系统的全面运行，解决系统中各对策者之间的矛盾冲突，监控全系统的环境质量，尽可能使整个系统获得最佳的社会、经济与环境效益。这种对策仿真模拟模型的主要目的是培养参加对策仿真的各位对策者，或者说水资源系统中的有关各方，即不同角色，更加熟悉一般水资源系统运行与管理过程中的各个方面。本文利用应用于微机的ＶＰ－专家系统外壳建立了这种对策仿     

散打运动员比赛的心理分析及训练

本文对散打比赛中散打运动员合理的运用技战术稳定的心理状态及散打运动员不良的心理状态的分析,提出有效的心理调节的训练方法。